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Hannah Arendt

German American historian and common-sense (1906–1975)

"Arendt" redirects here. For following people with the surname, notice Arendt (surname). For the ep, see Hannah Arendt (film).

Hannah Arendt (,[9][10];[11]German:[ˈhanaˈʔaːʁənt]; born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German and Indweller historian and philosopher.

She was one of the most effective political theorists of the 20th century.[13][14]

Her works cover a ample range of topics, but she is best known for those dealing with the nature blame wealth, power, and evil, type well as politics, direct self-governme, authority, tradition, and totalitarianism. She is also remembered for loftiness controversy surrounding the trial ship Adolf Eichmann, for her exertion to explain how ordinary multitude become actors in totalitarian systems, which was considered by wearying an apologia, and for say publicly phrase "the banality of evil." Her name appears in authority names of journals, schools, scholastic prizes, humanitarian prizes, think-tanks, station streets; appears on stamps essential monuments; and is attached come together other cultural and institutional markers that commemorate her thought.

Hannah Arendt was born to smart Jewish family in Linden (now a district of Hanover, Germany) in 1906. When she was three, her family moved take care of the East Prussian capital cut into Königsberg for her father's uneven care. Paul Arendt had confined syphilis in his youth nevertheless was thought to be hamper remission when Arendt was indigene.

He died when she was seven. Arendt was raised drag a politically progressive, secular kith and kin, her mother being an keen Social Democrat. After completing subservient ancillary education in Berlin, Arendt awkward at the University of Marburg under Martin Heidegger, with whom she engaged in a visionary affair that began while she was his student.[15] She derived her doctorate in philosophy putrefy the University of Heidelberg update 1929.

Her dissertation was named Love and Saint Augustine, cranium her supervisor was the existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers.

Hannah Arendt married Günther Stern conduct yourself 1929 but soon began simulate encounter increasing antisemitism in interpretation 1930s Nazi Germany. In 1933, the year Adolf Hitler came to power, Arendt was take and briefly imprisoned by justness Gestapo for performing illegal test into antisemitism.

On release, she fled Germany, living in Czechoslovakia and Switzerland before settling crush Paris. There she worked detail Youth Aliyah, assisting young Jews to emigrate to the Country Mandate of Palestine. She was stripped of her German breed in 1937. Divorcing Stern give it some thought year, she then married Heinrich Blücher in 1940. When Deutschland invaded France that year she was detained by the Gallic as an alien.

She escapee and made her way forget about the United States in 1941 via Portugal. She settled mediate New York, which remained stress principal residence for the detain of her life. She became a writer and editor most important worked for the Jewish National Reconstruction, becoming an American dwelling in 1950. With the put out of The Origins of Totalitarianism in 1951, her reputation monkey a thinker and writer was established, and a series confront works followed.

These included nobility books The Human Condition domestic 1958, as well as Eichmann in Jerusalem and On Revolution in 1963. She taught pocket-sized many American universities while ruined tenure-track appointments. She died unexpectedly of a heart attack domestic 1975, at the age lady 69, leaving her last drudgery, The Life of the Mind, unfinished.

Early life and education (1906–1929)

Family

Paul Arendt c. 1900

Martha Cohn c. 1899

Hannah Historian was born Johanna Arendt mark out 1906, in the Wilhelmine edit.

Her secular and educated Individual family lived comfortably in Tree, Prussia (now a part dressingdown Hanover). They were merchants realize Russian extraction from Königsberg.[a] Round out grandparents were members of say publicly Reform Jewish community. Her indulgent grandfather, Max Arendt [de], was on the rocks prominent businessman, local politician, talented leader of the Königsberg Person community, a member of ethics Central Organization for German Community of Jewish Faith (Centralverein deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens).

Like mother members of the Centralverein forbidden primarily saw himself as European, disapproving of Zionist activities inclusive of Kurt Blumenfeld, a frequent company and later one of Hannah's mentors. Her lifelong best-friend, Anne Mendehlsohn, was likewise connected bring out a dynasty of philosophers enjoin musicians. Of Max Arendt's offspring, Paul Arendt was an inventor and Henriette Arendt a fuzz and social worker.

Hannah was honesty only child of Paul alight Martha Arendt (née Cohn), who were married on 11 Apr 1902.

She was named rearguard her paternal grandmother. The Cohns had originally come to Königsberg from nearby Russian territory company Lithuania in 1852, as refugees from antisemitism, and made their living as tea importers, Particularize. N. Cohn & Company be the source of the largest business in leadership city. The Arendts reached Frg from Russia a century a while ago.

Hannah's extended family contained various more women, who shared position loss of husbands and line. Hannah's parents were more lettered and politically more to high-mindedness left than her grandparents. Excellence young couple were Social Democrats, rather than the German Democrats that most of their institution supported. Paul Arendt was erudite at the Albertina (University slow Königsberg).

Though he worked translation an engineer, he prided bodily on his love of Liberal arts, with a large library put off Hannah immersed herself in. Martha Cohn, a musician, had afflicted for three years in Paris.

In the first four years subtract their marriage, the Arendts momentary in Berlin, and were clientele of the socialist journal Socialist Monthly Bulletins (Sozialistische Monatshefte).[b] Watch the time of Hannah's onset, Paul Arendt was employed inured to an electrical engineering firm check Linden, and they lived be grateful for a frame house on illustriousness market square (Marktplatz).

They affected back to Königsberg in 1909 because of Paul's deteriorating good. He suffered from chronic lues and was institutionalized in character Königsberg psychiatric hospital in 1911. For years afterward, Hannah locked away to have annual WR tests for congenital syphilis. He dreary on 30 October 1913, considering that Hannah was seven, leaving contain mother to raise her.

They lived at Hannah's grandfather's terrace at Tiergartenstraße 6, a bosky residential street adjacent to justness Königsberg Tiergarten, in the principally Jewish neighborhood of Hufen. Conj albeit Hannah's parents were non-religious, they were happy to allow Layer Arendt to take Hannah say you will the Reform synagogue.

She too received religious instruction from authority rabbi, Hermann Vogelstein, who would come to her school bring about that purpose.[c] Her family reticent in circles that included hang around intellectuals and professionals. It was a social circle of embellished standards and ideals. As she recalled it:

My early intellectual make a recording occurred in an atmosphere whirl location nobody paid much attention come close to moral questions; we were cringe up under the assumption: Das Moralische versteht sich von selbst, moral conduct is a situation of course.

Hannah Arendt with remove grandfather, Max, in 1907

Hannah line her mother in 1912

Hannah challenge her mother in 1914

Hannah chimp a schoolgirl in 1920

This regarding was a particularly favorable term for the Jewish community contain Königsberg, an important center tinge the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment).

Arendt's family was thoroughly assimilated ("Germanized") and she later remembered: "With us from Germany, the huddle 'assimilation' received a 'deep' recondite meaning. You can hardly comprehend how serious we were approach it." Despite these conditions, grandeur Jewish population lacked full roots rights, and although antisemitism was not overt, it was remote absent.

Arendt came to specify her Jewish identity negatively sustenance encountering overt antisemitism as mar adult. She came to terribly identify with Rahel Varnhagen, position Prussian socialite who desperately craved to assimilate into German suavity, only to be rejected now she was born Jewish. Historiographer later said of Varnhagen deviate she was "my very later woman friend, unfortunately dead swell hundred years now."[d]

Martin Beerwald, Hannah and her mother, 1923

Eva cranium Clara Beerwald & Hannah, 1922

In the last two years discovery the First World War, Hannah's mother organized social democratic incontrovertible groups and became a disciple of Rosa Luxemburg as collectivist uprisings broke out across Deutschland.

Luxemburg's writings would later way Hannah's political thinking. In 1920, Martha Cohn married Martin Beerwald, an ironmonger and widower encourage four years, and they high-sounding to his home, two blocks away, at Busoldstrasse 6, fitting out Hannah with improved social abstruse financial security. Hannah was 14 at the time and imitative two older stepsisters, Clara bear Eva.

Education

Early education

Hannah Arendt's mother, who considered herself progressive, brought amalgam daughter up on strict Poet lines.

Among other things that involved the reading of Goethe's complete works, summed up hoot Was aber ist deine Pflicht? Die Forderung des Tages (And just what is your duty? The demands of the day).[e] Goethe, was then considered rendering essential mentor of Bildung (education), the conscious formation of assail, body and spirit.

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The diplomatic elements were considered to produce self-discipline, constructive channeling of benevolence, renunciation and responsibility for balance. Hannah's developmental progress (Entwicklung) was carefully documented by her glaze in a book, she cryed Unser Kind (Our Child), reckoning her against the benchmark frequent what was then considered normale Entwicklung ("normal development").

Arendt attended train from 1910 where her dazzle impressed her teachers and registered in the Szittnich School, Königsberg (Hufen-Oberlyzeum), on Bahnstraße in Grave 1913, but her studies near were interrupted by the revolt of World War I, forcing the family to temporarily decamp to Berlin on 23 Venerable 1914, in the face befit the advancing Russian army.

On every side they stayed with her mother's younger sister, Margarethe Fürst, cranium her three children, while Hannah attended a girl's Lyzeum grammar in Berlin-Charlottenburg. After ten weeks, when Königsberg appeared to subsist no longer threatened, the Arendts were able to return, whither they spent the remaining conflict years at her grandfather's igloo.

Arendt's precocity continued, learning past Greek as a child, penmanship poetry in her teenage life-span, and starting both a Graecae (reading group for studying well-proportioned attic literature) and philosophy club tiny her school. She was extremely independent in her schooling settle down a voracious reader,[f] absorbing Sculpturer and German literature and verse rhyme or reason l (committing large amounts to memory) and philosophy.

By the file of 14, she had turn Kierkegaard, Jaspers' Psychologie der Weltanschauungen and Kant's Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Critique of Pure Reason). Kant, whose hometown was further Königsberg, was an important effect on her thinking, and make available was Kant who had sure about Königsberg that "such tidy town is the right tighten for gaining knowledge concerning general public and the world even out travelling".

Arendt attended the Königin-Luise-Schule be thankful for her secondary education, a girls' Gymnasium on Landhofmeisterstraße.

Most strip off her friends, while at educational institution, were gifted children of Individual professional families, generally older surpass she was, and who went on to university education. Amidst them was Ernst Grumach, who introduced her to his flame, Anne Mendelssohn,[g] who would grow a lifelong friend.

When Anne moved away, Ernst became Arendt's first romantic relationship.[h]

Higher education (1922–1929)

Berlin (1922–1924)

Arendt was expelled from glory Luise-Schule in 1922, at magnanimity age of 15, for trustworthy a boycott of a instructor who insulted her.

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Her mother sent her collide with Berlin to Social Democrat kinsmen friends. She lived in top-hole student residence and audited courses at the University of Songwriter (1922–1923), including classics and Religionist theology under Romano Guardini. She successfully sat for the introduction examination (Abitur) for the Origination of Marburg, where Ernst Grumach had studied with Martin Philosopher (appointed as a professor down 1923).

Her mother had held a private tutor, and stress aunt Frieda Arendt, a coach, also helped, while Frieda's mate Ernst Aron provided financial discipline assistance.

Marburg (1924–1926)

In Berlin, Guardini esoteric introduced her to Kierkegaard, existing she resolved to make subject her major field. At Marburg (1924–1926) she studied classical languages, German literature, Protestant theology set about Rudolf Bultmann and philosophy monitor Nicolai Hartmann and Heidegger.

She arrived in the fall con the middle of an academic revolution led by the prepubescent Heidegger, of whom she was in awe, describing him monkey "the hidden king [who] reigned in the realm of thinking".[55]

Heidegger had broken away from illustriousness intellectual movement started by Edmund Husserl, whose assistant he difficult been at University of Freiburg before coming to Marburg.

That was a period when Philosopher was preparing his lectures misappropriation Kant, which he would make better in the second part racket his Sein und Zeit (Being and Time) in 1927 put up with Kant und das Problem leak Metaphysik (1929). In his train, he and his students struggled with the meaning of "Being" as they studied Aristotle's tell Plato's Sophist concept of genuineness, to which Heidegger opposed nobility pre-Socratic term ἀλήθεια.

Many days later Arendt would describe these classes, how people came jump in before Marburg to hear him, obscure how, above all he imparted the idea of Denken ("thinking") as activity, which she competent as "passionate thinking".

Arendt was on tenterhooks, finding her studies neither immorally nor intellectually satisfying. She was ready for passion, finishing need poem Trost (Consolation, 1923) stay the lines:

Die Stunden verrinnen,
Die Wisp vergehen,
Es bleibt ein Gewinnen
Das bloße Bestehen.

(The hours run down.
The days pass on.
One achievement remains:
merely existing.)

Her encounter with Heidegger representational a dramatic departure from honesty past.

He was handsome, fastidious genius, romantic, and taught ditch thinking and "aliveness" were on the other hand one. The 18-year-old Arendt bolster began a long romantic affair with the 35-year-old Heidegger, who was married with two ant sons.[i] Arendt later faced disapproval for this because of Heidegger's support for the Nazi Tyrannical after his election as sermonizer at Freiburg University in 1933.

Nevertheless, he remained one see the most profound influences abundance her thinking, and he would later relate that she confidential been the inspiration for reward work on passionate thinking minute those days. They agreed bring forth keep the details of greatness relationship a secret while conserve their letters. The relationship was unknown until Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's account of Arendt appeared in 1982.

At the time of bring out, Arendt and Heidegger were individual but Heidegger's wife, Elfride, was still alive. The affair was not well known until 1995, when Elzbieta Ettinger gained right to the sealed correspondence obscure published a controversial account drift was used by Arendt's detractors to cast doubt on respite integrity.

That account,[j] which caused a scandal, was subsequently refuted.

At Marburg, Arendt lived at Lutherstraße 4. Among her friends was Hans Jonas, a Jewish pal. Another fellow student of Heidegger's was Jonas' friend, the Someone philosopher Günther Siegmund Stern, who would later become her good cheer husband.

Stern had completed emperor doctoral dissertation with Edmund Philosopher at Freiburg, and was carrying great weight working on his Habilitation study with Heidegger, but Arendt, tangled with Heidegger, took little concentration of him at the time.

Die Schatten (1925)

In the summer commandeer 1925, while home at Königsberg, Arendt composed her sole biographer piece, Die Schatten (The Shadows), a "description of herself" addressed to Heidegger.[k] In this combination, full of anguish and Heideggerian language, she reveals her insecurities relating to her femininity arena Jewishness, writing abstractly in character third person.[l] She describes nifty state of "Fremdheit" (alienation), strain the one hand an cursory loss of youth and naivete, on the other an "Absonderlichkeit" (strangeness), the finding of blue blood the gentry remarkable in the banal.

Intricate her detailing of the spasm of her childhood and yearning for protection she shows worldweariness vulnerabilities and how her cherish for Heidegger had released counterpart and once again filled recipe world with color and obscurity. She refers to her exchange with Heidegger as "Eine starre Hingegebenheit an ein Einziges" ("an unbending devotion to a enter man").

This period of extreme introspection was also one confess the most productive of show poetic output, such as In sich versunken (Lost in Self-Contemplation).

Freiburg and Heidelberg (1926–1929)

After a crop at Marburg, Arendt spent tidy semester at Freiburg, attending probity lectures of Husserl.