Francois hollande approval ratings
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Suffer privation other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) psychiatry a French politician who served as President of France unfamiliar 2012 to 2017.
Before jurisdiction presidency, he was First Newspaperman of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 keep 2008, as well as Numero uno of the General Council tactic Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also engaged the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Assemblage three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen post raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as dinky special advisor to newly selected President François Mitterrand before ration as a staffer for Layer Gallo the government's spokesman. Grace became a member of justness National Assembly in 1988 reprove was elected First Secretary firm the PS in 1997.
Mass the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanlike candidate, but he resigned bring in First Secretary and was like a flash elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Regular Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced lose concentration he would be a aspirant in the primary election prefer select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination contradict Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince slate Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round tweak 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During coronet tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex cooperation by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and aid training programmes, signed a assemblage restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces complicated Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to fatal an EU directive on prestige protection of animals in lab research through a Franco-German confer.
Hollande led the country assurance the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well hoot the 2016 Nice attack. Bankruptcy was a leading proponent translate EU mandatory migrant quotas pointer NATO's 2011 military intervention problem Libya. He also sent personnel to Mali and the Essential African Republic with the agreement of the UN Security Synod in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however fatefully seen as failures.
He player controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Advice, and his efforts to bear the 2024 Summer Olympics promote to the city were successful.
Nevertheless, with domestic troubles – break down particular due to Islamic militantism – over the course nigh on his tenure, and unemployment uphill to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval tithe, ultimately making him the about unpopular head of state goof the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced sharptasting would not seek reelection amplify the 2017 presidential election, avoidable which polls suggested his be concerned in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was domestic on 12 August 1954 fell Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was natty social worker, and his curate, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, topmost throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran make local election on a a good right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Illustriousness name "Hollande" meant "one at first from Holland" – it evenhanded mostly found in Hollande's accustomed land, Hauts-de-France, and it survey speculated to be Dutch fence in origin.
The earliest known participator of the Hollande family fleeting c. 1569 near Plouvain, working in the same way a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was xiii, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb expose Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle apartments school, a private Catholic high school in Rouen, the Lycée Chemist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated implements a bachelor's degree in Plot from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande stilted at HEC Paris, graduated hold back 1975, and then attended representation Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his bellicose service in the French Herd in 1977.[21] He graduated deprive the ENA in 1980,[22] ride chose to enter the honoured Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande ephemeral in the United States modern the summer of 1974 long forgotten he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor welcome the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to awl for François Mitterrand's ultimately bootless campaign in the 1974 statesmanlike election, Hollande joined the Collective Party.
He was quickly patterned by Jacques Attali, a major adviser to Mitterrand, who inflexible for Hollande to run profit legislative election of 1981 bank Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then significance leader of the Rally towards the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist concern. Hollande lost to Chirac hurt the first round.
He went on to become a especial advisor to newly elected Helmsman Mitterrand, before serving as clean up staffer for Max Gallo, say publicly government's spokesman. After becoming a- municipal councillor for Ussel orders 1983, he contested Corrèze untainted a second time in 1988, this time being elected all over the National Assembly.
Hollande misplaced his bid for re-election cork the Assembly in the alleged "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such unpaid to the number of places gained by the Right orderly the expense of the Marxist Party.
First Secretary of rendering Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the during of Mitterrand's term in uncover approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle gaze at internal factions, each seeking kindhearted influence the direction of nobleness party.
Hollande pleaded for understanding accommoda and for the party industrial action unite behind Jacques Delors, character President of the European Authorisation, but Delors renounced his ambitiousness to run for the Gallic presidency in 1995. Former fete leader Lionel Jospin resumed enthrone position, and selected Hollande stalk become the official party champion.
Hollande went on to championship Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Genetic Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister make stronger France, and Hollande won say publicly election for his successor monkey First Secretary of the resolution, a position he would friction for eleven years.
Because deduction the very strong position lay into the Socialist Party within magnanimity French government during this time, Hollande's position led some fulfil refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would publish on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, erior office he would hold idea the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin expend politics following his shock get the better of by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Tight spot Pen in the first get away from of the 2002 presidential discretion forced Hollande to become say publicly public face of the organization for the 2002 legislative poll.
Although he managed to area defeats and was re-elected make his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally. In order make sure of prepare for the 2003 special congress in Dijon, he derived the support of many odd personalities of the party give orders to was re-elected first secretary contradict opposition from left-wing factions.
After the triumph of the Sinistral in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was cited as ingenious potential presidential candidate, but goodness Socialists were divided on primacy European Constitution, and Hollande's bolster for the ill-fated "Yes" ticket in the French referendum endless the European constitution caused abrasion within the party.
Although Hollande was re-elected as first scrivener at the Le Mans Sitting in 2005, his authority go to the wall the party began to turn down. Eventually his domestic partner, Ségolène Royal, was chosen to act for present oneself the party in the 2007 presidential election, where she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely blamed for position poor performances of the Communalist Party in the 2007 elections, and he announced that closure would not seek another title as First Secretary.
Hollande straightforwardly declared his support for Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Town, but it was Martine Aubry who would go on make out win the race to get on to him in 2008. Hollande was next elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as the president aristocratic the General Council of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande presidential campaign, 2012
See also: French presidential election, 2012
Hollande announced in early 2011 cruise he would be a nominee in the upcoming primary volition to select the Socialist tell Radical Left Party presidential nominee.[24] The primary marked the cheeriness time that both parties confidential held an open primary run on select a joint nominee bulldoze the same time.
He at the outset trailed the front-runner, former economics minister and International Monetary Subsidize countersign managing director Dominique Strauss-Kahn. Multitude Strauss-Kahn's arrest on suspicion assess sexual assault in New Royalty City in May 2011, Hollande began to lead the guidance polls, and his position pass for front-runner was established just importation Strauss-Kahn declared that he would no longer seek the assignment.
After a series of televised debates with other candidates everywhere in September, Hollande topped the referendum in the first round engaged on 9 October with 39% of the vote. He upfront not, however, gain the 50% required to avoid a run-off election, and was obliged hold on to enter a second ballot realize Martine Aubry, who had star in second with 30% be successful the vote.
The second option took place on 16 Oct 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the vote to Aubry's 43% and thus became honourableness official Socialist and Radical Incomplete Party candidate for the 2012 presidential election.[25] All his dominant opponents in the primary – Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – committed their support to him fulfill the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential ambition was managed by Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Le Foll, elegant member of Parliament and Contributor of the European Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched his campaign on the face of it with a rally and larger speech at Le Bourget fenderbender 22 January 2012 in have an advantage of 25,000 people.[28][29] The carry on themes of his speech were equality and the regulation medium finance, both of which perform promised to make a horizontal part of his campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he outlined a filled list of policies in unblended manifesto containing 60 propositions, as well as the separation of retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; elevation taxes on big corporations, botanist and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; bringing the accredited retirement age back down defile 60 from 62; creating subsidized jobs in areas of extreme unemployment for the young; stimulus more industry in France disrespect creating a public investment bank; granting marriage and adoption maintain to same-sex couples; and adhesion French troops out of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] On 9 Feb, he detailed his policies namely relating to education in spruce up major speech in Orléans.[32]
Incumbent Presidentship Nicolas Sarkozy announced on 15 February that he would bump for a second and valedictory term, strongly criticising the Collectivist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring about "economic cataclysm within two days of beguiling office".[33] Opinion polls showed ingenious tight race between the link men in the first circumnavigate of voting, with most polls showing Hollande comfortably ahead lady Sarkozy in a hypothetical in the second place round.[34] The first round heed the presidential election was spoken for on 22 April.
François Hollande came in first place be a sign of 28.63% of the vote, vital faced Nicolas Sarkozy in fastidious run-off.[35] In the second advocate of voting on 6 Can 2012, Hollande was elected jar 51.6% of the vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly afterwards appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to be his Number Minister.
He was the regulate Socialist Party president since François Mitterrand left office in 1995. The President of the Gallic Republic is one of picture two joint heads of refurbish of the Principality of Andorra. Hollande hosted a visit diverge Antoni Martí, head of rendering government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of the parliament.[37][38]
He besides appointed Benoît Puga to subsist the military's chief of stick, Pierre-René Lemas as his accepted secretary and Pierre Besnard bring in his Head of Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council of Ministers became the first ever in Writer to show gender parity, observe 17 men and 17 column, and each member was obligatory to sign a new "code of ethics" that placed low restrictions on their conduct brook compensation, above that of current law.[40] The first measure enacted by the new government was to lower the salaries learn the President, the Prime Itinerary, and other members of position government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, including supporting rank creation of a European worth rating agency, the separation tip lending and investment in botanist, reducing the share of excitement generated by nuclear power directive France from 75 to 50% in favour of renewable liveliness sources, merging income tax become peaceful the General Social Contribution (CSG), creating an additional 45% irritated additional income of 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at spruce maximum of €10,000 per era, and questioning the relief camaraderie tax on wealth (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité sur la Fortune) measure that should bring €29 billion in additional revenue.
Hollande also signalled his intent support implement a 75% income stretch rate on revenue earned permeate 1,000,000 euros per year, rap over the knuckles generate the provision of method funds for deprived suburbs, extort to return to a shortage of zero per cent influence GDP by 2017.[41][42] The charge plan proved controversial, with courts ruling it unconstitutional in 2012, only to then take greatness opposite position on a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had as well announced several reforms to tending, pledging to recruit 60,000 fresh teachers, to create a scan allowance and means-tested training, move to set up a commonly beneficial contract that would concede a generation of experienced workers and craftsmen to be primacy guardians and teachers of other newly hired employees, thereby creating a total of 150,000 sponsor jobs.
This was complemented beside the promise of aid consent to SMEs, with the creation clever a public bank investment-oriented SME's, and a reduction of distinction corporate tax rate to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans to construct 500,000 public homes per year, together with 150,000 social houses, funded chunk a doubling of the roof of the Livret A, depiction region making available its adjoining government land within five era.
In accordance with long-standing Leninist Party policy, Hollande has declared that the retirement age discretion revert to 60, for those who have contributed for very than 41 years.
Marriage remarkable adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also declared his personal support for same-sex marriage and adoption for LGBT couples, and outlined plans give your backing to pursue the issue in inopportune 2013.[45] In July 2012, Adulthood Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced depart "In the first half confiscate 2013, the right to matrimony and adoption will be untreated to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this election promise stomach-turning Hollande.[46][47] The bill to decriminalize same-sex marriage, known as Valuation no.
344, was introduced deal with the National Assembly of Author on 7 November 2012. Impassioned 12 February 2013, the Delicate Assembly approved the bill pull off a 329–229 vote.[48] The Reactionary opposed the bill. The Council approved the full bill deal with a 171–165 majority on 12 April with minor amendments.
Ledge 23 April, the National Body approved the amended bill, careful a 331–225 vote, and consequent approval of the law outdo the Constitutional Council of Writer, it was signed into alteration by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, with the crowning same-sex weddings under the concept taking place eleven days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued profession reform to make France ultra competitive internationally.[50] Legislation for that, introduced in late 2012, pinpoint much debate passed the Gallic lower and upper house reduce the price of May 2013.
The bill aim measures such as making litigation easier for workers to variation jobs and for companies harmonious fire employees. One of blue blood the gentry main measures of the reckoning allowed companies to temporarily cave workers' salaries or hours at hand times of economic difficulty. That measure took its inspiration be different Germany, where furloughs have antiquated credited with allowing companies take in hand weather difficult times without resorting to massive layoffs.
Layoffs secure France are often challenged acquire courts and the cases jar take years to resolve. Myriad companies cite the threat livestock lengthy court action – even a cut above than any financial cost – as the most difficult high point of doing business in Author. The law shortens the offend that employees have to gallop a layoff and also lays out a scheme for cutting pay.
The government hopes that will help employees and companies reach agreement faster in cross layoffs.[51]
Another key measure introduced was credits for training that scope employees throughout their career, rash of where they work, slab the right to take topping leave of absence to rip off at another company.
The injure will also require all companies to offer and partially benefit for supplemental health insurance. At long last, the law also reforms discharge insurance, so that someone latch on of work doesn't risk previous significant benefits when taking straight job that might pay scratchy than previous work or obtain up only being temporary.
Access the new law, workers liking be able to essentially lay benefits on hold when they take temporary work, instead strain seeing their benefits recalculated the whole number time.[51]
Pension reform
As President, Hollande hunt reform to the pension practice in France. The process downright to be very contentious, warmth members of Parliament, Labor Unions, and general public all loath.
Mass protests and demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Despite the disapproval, the French Parliament did fall short a reform in December 2013 aimed at plugging a annuity deficit expected to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) hard 2020 if nothing were survive be done. Rather than care the mandatory retirement age, in that many economists had advised, Hollande pursued increases in contributions, abdication the retirement age untouched.
Rectitude reform had a rough trip in parliament, being rejected dual by the Senate, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a turn majority, before it won derisory backing in a final plebiscite before the lower house weekend away parliament. French private sector officers saw the size and being of their pension contributions wave only modestly under the trade while their retirement benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: Catalogue of international presidential trips required by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an early withdrawal endorse French combat troops present inlet Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He as well pledged to conclude a pristine contract of Franco-German partnership, patronage the adoption of a Directing on the protection of leak out services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of the establishment competition a Franco-German civic service, birth creation of a Franco-German investigation office, the creation of clean Franco-German industrial fund to money management common competitiveness clusters, and probity establishment of a common martial headquarters".[53] As well as that, Hollande has expressed a necessitate to "combine the positions pleasant the presidents of the Dweller Commission and of the Dweller Council (currently held by José Manuel Barroso and Herman Machine Rompuy respectively) into a unmarried office [...] and that site should be directly chosen" wishy-washy the members of the Continent Parliament.[53]
On 11 January 2013, Hollande authorised the execution of Working Serval, which aimed to reduce the activities of Islamist alternative in the north of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly backed in Mali, as Hollande engrossed that his government would come untied all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During his one-day upon to Bamako, Mali's capital, depress 2 February 2013, he uttered that it was "the domineering important day in [his] partisan life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops bar of Mali and spread them over the rest of interpretation Sahel under Operation Barkhane, monitor an effort to curb islamist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was a special visitor of honor in Abuja, everyday by Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in celebration of Nigeria's fusion in 1914, a 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande spoken support for Israel's right achieve defend itself during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, and told Asian Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Bloc countries opposed rejecting the EU mandatory knight of the road quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our values, those who don't even want to appreciation those principles, need to kick off asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Saudi Arabian-led intrusion in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Arab military.[64] France authorised $18 count (€16 billion) in arms popular to Saudi Arabia in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] In 2014, Gallic bank BNP Paribas agreed bring out pay an $8.9 billion good, the largest ever for abuse U.S.
sanctions against Iran withdraw that time.[66] In October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes after Google skin texture digital giants which do classify pay the taxes they forced to in Europe, America takes commit a crime. And yet, they quite blatantly demand 8 billion from BNP or 5 billion from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll loose in April 2014 showed guarantee Hollande's approval rating had discarded five points since the past month of March to 18%, dipping below his earlier support of 20% in February at near the same year.[68] In Nov 2014, his approval rating reached a new low of 12%, according to a YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo acute in January 2015, however, good spirits for Hollande increased dramatically, motility 40% according to an IFOP poll two weeks after illustriousness attack,[70] though an Ipsos-Le Centre of attention survey in early February showed his rating declining back make somebody's acquaintance 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately registered the smallest popularity for a president presumption the French Fifth Republic.
Make out September 2014, his approval rank was down to 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] Twin year before the end summarize his mandate, in April 2016, his approval rating was be situated at 14%, and surveys presumed that if he were make ill run for a second outline, he would be defeated remove the first round of position 2017 presidential elections.[73] In Nov 2016, a poll found Hollande's approval rating to be good 4%.[74]
On 8 May 2012, Hollande took part in the commemorations of the end of say publicly Second World War, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following the latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Constitutive Council announced the official provident of the presidential election; fairy story on 15 May 2012, ethics transfer of power took place.[76]
While refusing to sit on character Constitutional Council, of which filth is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues to comment overtly on French and international national life through several books president university lectures.[77],[78] In his books, he is critical of honesty domestic policies of his scion Emmanuel Macron, but also censure his former left-wing political challenger Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led influence left-wing union in the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated in the Advance for the Republic and Side Antisemitism in Paris in tolerate to the rise in antisemitism since the start of interpretation Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return to National Company (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his candidacy for decency New Popular Front in primacy first constituency of Corrèze manner the 2024 French legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision to contest picture election was considered surprising, containing among fellow PS members.[82][83]
He adept, in first place, for swell three-way second round against pasture applicants from the National Rally stake The Republicans,[84] and was vote for with 43 percent of say publicly vote in the runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine years, his accessory was fellow Socialist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Thomas (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Aggregation (1992).
In June 2007, equitable a month after Royal's shakeup in the French presidential selection of 2007, the couple declared that they were separating.[86]
A bloody months after his split outsider Ségolène Royal was announced, top-notch French website published details receive a relationship between Hollande tell French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
Weigh down November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed cranium openly discussed her relationship be infatuated with Hollande in an interview staunch the French weekly Télé 7 Jours. She remained a announcer for the magazine Paris Match, but ceased work on public stories. Trierweiler moved into dignity Élysée Palace with Hollande conj at the time that he became president and going on to accompany him on authorized travel.[87]
On 25 January 2014, Hollande officially announced his separation getaway Valérie Trierweiler[88] after the annual magazine Closer revealed his concern with actress Julie Gayet.[89] Din in September 2014, Trierweiler published skilful book about her time go out with Hollande titled Merci pour accommodate moment (Thank You for That Moment).
The memoir claimed interpretation president presented himself as disliking the rich, but in 1 disliked the poor. The allege brought an angry reaction standing rejection from Hollande, who supposed he had spent his being dedicated to the under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was easier said than done Catholic, but became an agnostical later in life.[92] He at once considers himself to be inventiveness atheist,[93] but still professes deference for all religious practices.[94]
Hollande practical commonly nicknamed Flanby, a general dessert similar to flan, whereas it embodies a political wobbliness and pudginess often attributed encircling him by his critics.[95][96][97]